DateAscendingAuthorContributionReferenceCategoryPathogen ClassDetails
-50VarroPostulated that invisible animalcules caused some diseases.ChaseCausationGeneral
30ColumellaSpeculated that fever may be caused in some way by marsh insects.DowelMiscellanyGeneral
1000AvicennaProbably recognized the presence of a worm in what became known as guinea-worm disease.GroveMiscellanyHelminths
1010AvicennaWrote medical text that included mention of various parasitic worms.CampilloMiscellanyHelminths
1150AvenzoarWrote a description of the itch mite.CampilloMiscellanyGeneral
1200Anon.Described liver-rot in sheep, and the presence of a fluke.AndrewsMiscellanyHelminths
1347Anon.Military attempts to spread bubonic plague illustrate belief in contagion.WallerMiscellanyGeneral
1379BrieRecorded his observation of liver fluke in sheep.TouratierMiscellanyHelminths
1546FracastoroWrote that diseases were caused by invisible seminaria (seeds).BullockCausationGeneral
1646KircherTheorized that contagion was due to invisible living bodies.ChaseCausationGeneral
1650HauptmannHeld that death results from invisible animalcules in body of humans and other animals.WilsonCausationGeneral
1650LangiusAllegedly espoused idea of invisible living things as cause of syphilis.KoblerCausationGeneral
1656BorelRecorded ideas about "worms" in blood and decaying matter, but without evidence.DowelMiscellanyGeneral
1658KircherRecorded remarks which some have taken to imply discovery of protozoa or bacteria.DowelMiscellanyGeneral
1665BoghurstHeld that plague was caused by many minute corpuscles.WilsonCausationGeneral
1665DiemerbroeckSuggested that plague was a venom propagated like yeast, but in the air.WilsonCausationGeneral
1665HookeDescribed a fossilized foraminiferan (large protozoon) in sand, and understood it as a microscopic life form.BardellMiscellanyGeneral
1668RediShowed that maggots did not develop in meat protected from flies.GroveMiscellanyGeneral
1674LeeuwenhoekObserved and reported animalcules in lake water, and what were probably coccidian oocysts and trematode ova in mammalian bile.FosterMicroscopyGeneral
1675LeeuwenhoekObserved and reported animalcules in rainwater, canal water, etc.GarrisonMicroscopyProtozoa
1676LeeuwenhoekReported existence of free-living microorganisms that were probably bacteria.Brock (1961)MicroscopyBacteria
1680LeeuwenhoekObserved and recorded what were probably parasitic protozoa, in gut of horse-fly.FosterMicroscopyProtozoa
1681LeeuwenhoekObserved and reported protozoa (Giardia) and bacteria in diarrheic human feces.FosterMicroscopyProtozoa
1683Leeuwenhoeka. Reported the presence of protozoa and bacteria in the feces of frogs.FosterMiscellanyBacteria
1683Leeuwenhoekb. Described microorganisms (probably bacteria) in the scurf of human teeth.Brock (1961)MicroscopyBacteria
1683SlareSlare (also called Slear) linked animalcules, theoretically, to cattle plague.DobellCausationGeneral
1684AbercrombyProposed that syphilis was caused by a parasite.Garrison & MortonCausationGeneral
1687BonomoReported parasitic (acarine) causation of scabies.GarrisonCausationGeneral
1698BidlooReported eggs of liver-fluke, Fasciola hepatica.GroveMiscellanyHelminths
1699HartsoekerPostulated transmission of intestinal worms by ingestion of eggs shed in feces.GroveCausationHelminths
1700AndryPublished book arguing that all parasitic worms came from seed (eggs) in the external environment.GroveMiscellanyHelminths
1701AndryProposed microbial causation of disease.LeeMiscellanyGeneral
1701RivinusWrote that most diseases were caused by mites and minute worms (pathologia animata).GarrisonCausationGeneral
1708LeeuwenhoekObserved and reported microbes in "fur" scraped from human tongue during fever.DobelMiscellanyProtozoa
1710JoblotBoiled infusions remain free of microorganisms.LechevalierMiscellanyGeneral
1718BradleyRecorded specificity of blight disease of plants.WilsonCausationFungi
1718LancisiPostulated a role for the mosquito (and perhaps animalcules) in malaria.AckernechtMiscellanyGeneral
1720MartenMarten (or Martin) published elaborate speculation that minute living creatures or animalcula may cause tuberculosis (phthisis).WilsonCausationGeneral
1721Bradleya. Recorded elaborate speculation on causation of disease by air-borne organisms.WilsonCausationGeneral
1721Bradleyb. Postulated that parasitic worms must enter the human body by inhalation or ingestion.WilsonMiscellanyHelminths
1725VallisnieriEspoused idea of animate contagion.WilsonCausationGeneral
1727HalesSuggested transmission of hop mildew by small seeds.AinsworthCausationFungi
1728duHamelFound fungus causing root disease of saffron plant.ParrisCausationFungi
1733VallisnieriReintroduced concept of living contagion.WilsonCausationGeneral
1743NeedhamDiscovered that grains of smutty wheat consisted of masses of worms.ParrisCausationHelminths
1748ArderonPublished illustration of superficial fungal infection on fish.AinsworthMiscellanyFungi
1748NeedhamReported experiments in support of doctrine of spontaneous generation.GarrisonMiscellanyGeneral
1755TilletReported experimental evidence of the contagiousness of wheat bunt.AinsworthCausationFungi
1755WeszpremiProposed prevention of plague by inoculation.GarrisonImmunologyBacteria
1761AstrucReported, but dismissed, the theories of others concerning causation of syphilis by invisible living things.KoblerCausationGeneral
1762PlencizProposed living contagion with a specific verminous seed for each disease.GarrisonCausationGeneral
1766SpallanzaniReported absence of animalcules in heated, sealed infusions.GroveMiscellanyGeneral
1767ClarkeContagiousness of puerperal fever.GarrisonCausationBacteria
1767FontanaReported microscopic plant as cause of rust in wheat.AinsworthCausationFungi
1767LinnaeusRecorded parasitic nematode in wheat disease.ParrisCausationHelminths
1767Targioni-TozzettiReported microscopic plant as cause of rust in wheat.AinsworthCausationFungi
1774JestyBegan inoculation with cow-pox to prevent smallpox.GarrisonImmunologyViruses
1775Anon.Plant Virola sp. used by natives of French Guiana to treat thrush.JoyceMiscellanyFungi
1777ScopoliRecorded parasitic nematode in cereal disease.ParrisCausationHelminths
1781PallasReported an attempt to infect dogs with tapeworm by parenteral injection of tapeworm eggs.GroveMiscellanyHelminths
1782BlochPublished detailed arguments in support of Spontaneous Generation for parasitic worms.GroveMiscellanyHelminths
1782GoezePublished arguments in support of Spontaneous Generation in parasitic worms.GroveMiscellanyHelminths
1786WichmannDiscussed parasitic origin of scabies.GarrisonCausationGeneral
1790AbildgaardReported tapeworm in ducks after feeding them the intermediate host (fish) harboring the larval stage.GroveMiscellanyHelminths
1791PlettUsed cowpox inoculation to prevent smallpox.GarrisonCausationViruses
1798JennerReported the use of cowpox inoculation for the prevention of smallpox in humans.Brock (1961)ImmunologyViruses
1799SteinbuchRecorded parasitic nematodes in disease of grain.ParrisCausationHelminths
1800Anon.Many attempts in early years of Century to make achromatic objectives.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1800CruikshankPurified water by chlorination in England.GarrisonMiscellanyGeneral
1800GoochContagiousness of puerperal fever.CarterCausationBacteria
1800JennerPublished claim that cowpox vaccination had been validated and had the potential to eradicate smallpox from the world.Anon.ImmunologyViruses
1800MoreauPurified water by chlorination in France.GarrisonMiscellanyGeneral
1800OrthProposed, in about this year, the contagiousness of puerperal fever.CarterCausationBacteria
1800WaterhouseIntroduced vaccination to New England.GarrisonImmunologyGeneral
1801BaudPublicized organic concept of fermentation.Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1802Anon.British government ordered measures to protect welfare of factory apprentices.Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1802Anon.Gave dramatic example of epidemic devastation.McNeillMiscellanyGeneral
1802Anon.Vaccination institute founded in Berlin.Anon.ImmunologyGeneral
1802BrownVaccinated 500 people in Kentucky.McNeillImmunologyGeneral
1802PinelPublished Nosographie philosophique.BullockMiscellanyGeneral
1802ThenardDescribed yeast-like substance in fruit juice fermentation.LechevalierMiscellanyGeneral
1803Anon.Doctors from Spain reached Mexico to teach vaccinationMcNeillImmunologyGeneral
1803Anon.Offered prize for fermentation work.Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1803WinterbottomDescribed sleeping sickness in West Africa.MajorMiscellanyProtozoa
1804ZinkeReported first experimental transmission of rabies from animal to animal (dog to rabbit).NormanCausationViruses
1805Anon.Used Jenner's smallpox vaccine on people near the Chinese border.Anon.ImmunologyGeneral
1805NapoleonOrdered vaccination of all troops.McNeillImmunologyGeneral
1806MalthusWarned against smallpox vaccination.Garrison & MortonMiscellanyGeneral
1807Anon.Doctors from Spain moved on from Mexico to Philippines to teach vaccination.McNeillImmunologyGeneral
1807Anon.Royal College of Physicians (Britain) declared vaccination safer than variolation.Anon.ImmunologyGeneral
1807Anon.Vaccination made compulsory in Bavaria.Anon.ImmunologyGeneral
1807PrevostReported that bunt or smut of wheat was caused by microscopic "spores" of fungi.AinsworthCausationFungi
1807van DeylMade achromatic objective.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1808GaspardBegan injecting putrid materials and body fluids into animals, causing acute disease and death.NormanCausationGeneral
1808MarzoliBegan making achromatic lenses, using cemented doublets.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1809Anon.Invention of canning for food preservation; sterilization without germ theory.McNeillMiscellanyGeneral
1810Anon.Vaccination made compulsory in Sweden.Anon.ImmunologyGeneral
1810AppertBook on preservation of meat and vegetables by heating to boiling temperature in sealed bottles.NormanMiscellanyGeneral
1810FrauenhoferAt approximately this time, made achromatic objectives by combining achromatic doublets.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1810Gay-LussacReported results of his studies on the chemistry of fermentation.BullockMiscellanyGeneral
1810RudolphiPublished book supporting spontaneous generation of parasitic worms.GroveMiscellanyHelminths
1811BrewsterSuggested the use of gem stones in making simple microscopes, because of their higher refractive index.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1812Anon.Pamphlets on vaccination distributed by Russian authorities to distant territories such as Samarkand.McNeillImmunologyGeneral
1812Anon.The Society of Apothecaries unsuccessfully petitioned the British Parliament for the official recognition of midwives.WilliamsMiscellanyGeneral
1812ParkinsonPublished first report in English of death resulting from a perforated appendix.NormanMiscellanyGeneral
1812WollastonImproved the simple microscope.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1813BrewsterSuggested immersion of front element of objective in the fluid in which the object is placed.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1813KnightSuggested that mildew or rust of wheat was caused by a "minute species of parasitical fungus."DoetschCausationFungi
1814MeaseReported observations on natural transmission of Texas Cattle Fever.RoncalliCausationGeneral
1815MayerWith Emmett, reported a fungal infection (apparently aspergillosis) in a bird.RipponCausationFungi
1816Anon.In 1816-18 British troops carried cholera to Afghanistan and Nepal.McNeillMiscellanyGeneral
1816ScholerTransmitted rust from barberry bush to rye by inoculation of spores.AinsworthCausationFungi
1817Anon.Cholera breaks out of India, due to new transport routes.McNeillMiscellanyGeneral
1817NitzschSaw resemblance between cercariae and trematodes.GroveMiscellanyHelminths
1817PelletierIsolated emetine as active alkaloid of ipecac.NormanMiscellanyGeneral
1818BojanusObserved that cercariae come from rediae within snails.GroveMiscellanyHelminths
1819Anon.Official is abused for diagnosing Yellow Fever.RosenbergMiscellanyGeneral
1819BizioSaid that red spots on corn mush were masses of microscopic fungi. Named them Serratia marcescens.ChaseMiscellanyFungi
1819BremserPublished book supporting spontaneous generation of parasitic worms.GroveMiscellanyHelminths
1819MeloConcluded that red spots on corn mush were not supernatural, but rather the result of fermentation.ChaseMiscellanyGeneral
1819RudolphiDescribed larvae of Drancunculus.GroveMiscellanyHelminths
1820Anon.From this time on, glass slides of approximately 3" x 1" began to replace other bases for object preparation.Anon.MicroscopyGeneral
1820BancksMade an advanced simple microscope.Anon.MicroscopyGeneral
1820PelletierWith Caventou, isolated quinine from cinchona.NormanMiscellanyGeneral
1821AmiciMade first effective achromatic microscope.CollardMicroscopyGeneral
1821Anon.British troops spread cholera to S. Arabia, while trying to suppress slavery.McNeillMiscellanyGeneral
1821BretonneauPresented oral reports on the specificity of diseases such as diphtheria and typhoid.BullockMiscellanyGeneral
1821MagendieUsed saliva of a human rabies case to transmit rabies to dogs.Anon.CausationViruses
1821SchillingTransmitted glanders to humans.GarrisonCausationGeneral
1822AcerbiReported his view that typhus is caused by parasites (hypothetical) multiplying in body.Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1822Anon.French experts studied Yellow Fever outbreak in Barcelona.McNeillMiscellanyGeneral
1822PersoonGave name "mycoderma" (fungal skin) to the "skin" formed on the surface of a liquid when vinegar is produced.LechevalierMiscellanyFungi
1823MagendieReported lethal effect of putrid blood when given intravenously but not orally.Anon.CausationGeneral
1824AmiciMade achromatic objectives, using the Selligue approach.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1824GaspardPublished results (also in 1822) of injecting putrid materials (e.g., pus) and body fluids into animals, by various routes.Garrison & MortonCausationGeneral
1824PritchardMade a lens of diamond (at the suggestion of Goring).BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1824SelligueDesigned objective consisting of a series of four achromatic doublets.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1825BarthelemyShowed that anthrax was transmissible by inoculation in a series of sheep.JoklikCausationGeneral
1825ChevallierMade objectives of Selligue type, but with the flat surface of the plano-concave lens facing the object.Anon.MicroscopyGeneral
1825CoplandUsed potassium iodide in syphilis.GarrisonMiscellanyGeneral
1825GoringIntroduced the use of standard test objects for comparing performance of objectives.Anon.MicroscopyGeneral
1825LabarraqueUsed sodium hypochlorite and other chemicals to prevent putrefaction of corpses.LechevalierMiscellanyGeneral
1825LouisPublished important work on tuberculosis, but without knowledge of its etiology.Garrison & MortonMiscellanyGeneral
1826Anon.New cholera epidemic out of India.McNeillMiscellanyGeneral
1826BretonneauDescribed and named diphtheria.MajorMiscellanyGeneral
1826DesmazieresDescribed and illustrated yeast cells (the Mycoderma spp. of Persoon).LechevalierMiscellanyFungi
1826LaennecMaintained unity of scrofula and tuberculosis.GarrisonMiscellanyGeneral
1826SmithMade achromatic microscope for Lister.FordMicroscopyGeneral
1826TulleyMade an exceptional microscope with an achromatic objective.Anon.MicroscopyGeneral
1827AmiciProduced improved objective by new approach (resulting from work begun in 1824).BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1827BrownStudied the motion of microscopic particles of animal, vegetable and mineral origin.AsimovMicroscopyGeneral
1827DesmazieresConsidered yeast an infusarian because of motion.LechevalierMiscellanyFungi
1828AnnesleyRecognized and described amebic dysentery.Anon.MiscellanyProtozoa
1828ChadwickWrote essay setting out what he later called his "sanitary idea."ChaseMiscellanyGeneral
1828DanceReported experiments on the pathogenicity of putrid materials when injected.Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1829AlibertDescribed pustule d'Alep, the characteristic lesion of cutaneous leishmaniasis.GarrisonMiscellanyProtozoa
1829CoddingtonImproved the simple microscope by reducing the spherical aberration, but at the cost of decreased aperture.Anon.MicroscopyGeneral
1829CreplinConfirmed 1790 report that birds acquire tapeworm by eating fish harboring the larvae.GroveCausationHelminths
1829EhrenbergBegan his study of microorganisms.DoetschMiscellanyBacteria
1829ListerPublished his mathematical principles for designing lenses with better correction of aberration.Anon.MicroscopyGeneral
1829LouisWrote on typhoid fever and gave it that name.NormanMiscellanyGeneral
1829RhindOpposed spontaneous generation of parasitic worms.GroveCausationHelminths
1829SimpsonMade first municipal water filter.GarrisonMiscellanyGeneral
1829WollastonImproved the simple microscope beyond his advance of 1812.Anon.MicroscopyGeneral
1830Anon.About this time the new achromatic objectives were making it necessary to use long microscope tubes.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1830Anon.Beginning of rapid decline (1830 - 50) in status of American medical profession.RosenbergMiscellanyBacteria
1830Anon.Popularized glass microscope slides.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1830ChevalierImproved the simple microscope.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1830EhrenbergDiscovered Bacterium termo.GarrisonMiscellanyBacteria
1830KaehlerWith Alms, discovered santonin for treatment of parasitic worms.GarrisonMiscellanyHelminths
1830ListerDescribed mathematics of achromatic lens.BradburyMiscellanyGeneral
1831Anon.Cholera to Mecca at time of pilgrimage.McNeillMiscellanyGeneral
1831Anon.Epidemic cholera in Europe.Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1831HenrySterilized fomites of scarlatina victims by heat, 200 F.GarrisonMiscellanyGeneral
1831MehlisSaw miracidia emerging from trematode eggs.GroveMiscellanyHelminths
1831PerkinsIntroduced high-pressure hot water for sterilization.Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1832Anon.Cholera carried to Ireland, then Canada, then U.S.A.McNeillMiscellanyGeneral
1832Anon.Introduced British quarantine vs. cholera.Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1832BigelowPromoted sanitary measures to control a major outbreak of cholera.Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1832BrownUsed a single lens to observe the cell "nucleus."Anon.MicroscopyGeneral
1833Anon.Cholera spreads from U.S.A. to Mexico.McNeillMiscellanyGeneral
1833BassiReported evidence of infectious nature of silkworm disease (muscardine).Anon.CausationFungi
1833CaryMade microscope intermediate between simple and compound types.FordMicroscopyGeneral
1833UngerPublished claim that parasitic fungi of plants arise from morbid sap.AinsworthCausationFungi
1834BassiDemonstrated infectious nature of a disease of silkworms.AinsworthCausationFungi
1834HornerReported that stools in cholera contained epithelial tissue sloughed from small intestine, but did not report seeing bacteria.Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1834KutzingApparently saw yeast cells and realized that they were living.Anon.MiscellanyFungi
1834RemakReported filaments resembling a mold in material from the favus variety of ringworm.Anon.CausationFungi
1834RungeIsolated carbolic acid.GarrisonMiscellanyGeneral
1835Anon.Vaccination of infants made compulsory in England and Wales.SchreiberImmunologyGeneral
1835BassiPublished fungal causation of muscardine of silkworms.AinsworthCausationFungi
1835Cagniard-LatourReported the living nature of yeast.GarrisonMiscellanyFungi
1835OberhauserDeveloped an improved drum microscope.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1835OwenDescribed Trichinella spiralis in human muscle.Garrison & MortonMiscellanyHelminths
1835PagetReported discovery of Trichinella spiralis in human flesh.NormanMiscellanyHelminths
1835WollastonMade improved achromatic triplet lens.Anon.MicroscopyGeneral
1836Cagniard-LatourObserved that beer yeast contained budding globules.NormanMiscellanyGeneral
1836DonneReported Trichomonas vaginalis in male and female reproductive tract.NormanCausationProtozoa
1836FliednerOpened hospital in Kaiserwerth, Germany, with religious deaconesses as nurses.Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1836SchulzeReported that the development of microorganisms in sterile organic matter can be prevented by chemical treatment of incoming air.LechevalierMiscellanyGeneral
1836SchwannShowed microbial nature of putrefaction.GarrisonMiscellanyGeneral
1837AmiciIntroduced the hemispherical front lens in the construction of objectives for the compound microscope.Anon.MicroscopyGeneral
1837Cagniard-LatourProposed that alcoholic fermentation was due to the vital action of the yeast.LechevalierMiscellanyFungi
1837ChadwickReported average life expectancy of 45 years.GarrisonMiscellanyGeneral
1837DonneReported further observations on Trichomonas vaginalis.KeanCausationProtozoa
1837GerhardDistinguished between typhus and typhoid (such clinical refinement later becoming helpful in establishing the germ theory).GarrisonMiscellanyBacteria
1837GerhardMade definite separation of typhus and typhoid, getting it accepted at least in the United States.NormanMiscellanyGeneral
1837Kutzinga. Described and illustrated yeast cells, and proposed that all fermentations are vital processes.LechevalierMiscellanyFungi
1837Kutzingb. Reported connection between life in "mother of vinegar" and production of vinegar.AinsworthMiscellanyFungi
1837Kutzingc. Reported that yeast cells are pleomorphic.BullockMiscellanyFungi
1837PiorryCoined "septicoemie" (now septicemia) for putrid intoxication.Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1837RayerInoculation of glanders; shown to be contagious.NormanCausationBacteria
1837RemakSaw fungal filaments in favus but did not consider them the cause.LechevalierMiscellanyFungi
1837RossBegan making achromatic microscope objectives by Lister's formulas.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1837SchwannReported role of living yeast cells in putrefaction and fermentation.BullockMiscellanyFungi
1837SchwannThe development of microorganisms in sterile organic matter can be prevented by heating incoming air.Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1838Cagniard-LatourReported (independently) role of living yeast cells in alcoholic fermentation.BrockMiscellanyFungi
1838EhrenbergPublished major illustrated treatise on "infusoria," including protozoa and bacteria.GarrisonMiscellanyBacteria
1838RicordCorrected John Hunter in showing that syphilis and gonorrhea are separate diseases.NormanMiscellanyGeneral
1838RossMade an objective that provided correction for the thickness of cover slips.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1839BuddProposed, in an essay, that typhoid fever was contagious and was spread by contaminated water.CirilloCausationBacteria
1839HakePublished description of what were probably coccidial oocysts in rabbit liver.DobellMiscellanyProtozoa
1839LagenbeckReported a cryptogamic plant (fungus) in human thrush, but did not postulate causation.Anon.MiscellanyFungi
1839OwenBecame first president of the Microscopical Society of London.Anon.MicroscopyGeneral
1839PurkinjeIntroduced microtome, Canada balsam and other elements of standard microscopical technique.GarrisonMicroscopyGeneral
1839Ross, A.Introduced the "Lister-limb" construction of microscopes.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1839SchoenleinReported fungus Achorion in favus of scalp in group of patients.NormanCausationFungi
1839SchoenleinSeparated and named typhus abdominalis and typhus exanthematicus.Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1840Anon.Achromatic objectives achieved major impact, 1830 - 1850.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1840Anon.Microscopists used thin glass cover-slips to cover objects on microscope slides.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1840Anon.Variolation declared to be a felony in Britain.GarrisonImmunologyGeneral
1840BuehlmannRediscovered fungus Leptothrix [Leptotrichia].BullockMiscellanyFungi
1840CarterReported Streptobacillus moniliformis as cause of rat-bit fever.LeeCausationBacteria
1840FarrPromoted the "hypothesis" that epidemic diseases are caused by minute organisms carried from person to person by air.ChaseCausationBacteria
1840FryFounded a religious nursing order, which promoted hygiene, without knowledge of germs.FisherMiscellanyGeneral
1840HenlePropounded a persuasive germ theory but failed to find germs.Garrison & MortonCausationGeneral
1840RobertonPresented clinical evidence of the contagiousness of puerperal fever.GrahamCausationBacteria
1841BergDemonstrated the fungal etiology of thrush.Garrison & MortonCausationFungi
1841DubiniDiscovered hookworm in miners.NormanCausationHelminths
1841DujardinPublished major treatise on micro-organisms.Garrison & MortonMiscellanyBacteria
1841EschrichtWrote that asexual parasites such as Trichinella [muscle stage] must be regarded as immature or larval forms.GroveMiscellanyHelminths
1841GrubyReported fungal elements in favus (tinea).NormanCausationFungi
1841HolmesPreached contagiousness of puerperal fever, and transmission by medical personnel.MagnerMiscellanyGeneral
1841Muller, J.Described psorospermosis.Anon.MiscellanyProtozoa
1841ValentinRecorded the presence of protozoa, now called trypanosomes, in the blood of fish.Garrison & MortonMiscellanyProtozoa
1842BennettReported the fungus Geotrichum infecting an old tuberculous cavity in a human.Anon.MiscellanyFungi
1842BergFound fungal agent of thrush (now Candida albicans).AinsworthCausationFungi
1842ChadwickIssued major indictment of unsanitary conditions in British industrial slums.NormanMiscellanyGeneral
1842GoodsirReported bacteria in human stomach (sarcinae, i.e., Sarcina, Coccaceae).Garrison & MortonMiscellanyBacteria
1842GrubyDescribed fungus as cause of "muguet" (thrush) of children.NormanCausationFungi
1842MullerWith Retzius, found mold Mucor in lungs of owl.BullockMiscellanyFungi
1842RemakUsed Schönlein's fungus to induce favus on self.LongMiscellanyFungi
1842SteenstrupPublished theory of Alternation of Generations, based in part on the life cycle of parasitic worms.Garrison & MortonMiscellanyHelminths
1843BuskFound adult Fasciolopsis in human intestine.Garrison & MortonMiscellanyHelminths
1843DubiniReported discovery of hookworm in humans.NormanCausationHelminths
1843GrubyDescribed the fungus Microsporum audouini in a type of ringworm.NormanCausationFungi
1843HolmesProclaimed contagiousness of puerperal fever.NormanCausationGeneral
1843KlenckeObtained experimental evidence for the transmission of tuberculosis by cow's milk.Garrison & MortonCausationGeneral
1843RossIntroduced the "bar-limb" construction of microscopes.FordMicroscopyGeneral
1844AmiciMade an achromatic objective with 1/7" focal length and angular aperture of 112 degrees (equals numerical aperture of 0.83).BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1844BassiUsed calcium chloride as an area disinfectant to control muscardine (fungus) in silkworms.LechevalierCausationFungi
1844BennettDemonstrated the fungal etiology of thrush (mucocutaneous candidiasis).RipponCausationFungi
1844BennettFound mold in pneumothorax.BullockMiscellanyFungi
1844DanielssenInoculated himself and others to show non-infectious nature of leprosy.NormanCausationGeneral
1844GrubyFound fungus, later called Trichophyton, in head infection.BullockCausationFungi
1844MayerFound mold, Mucor, in inner ear.BullockMiscellanyFungi
1845BerkeleyReported fungus as cause of potato blight.AinsworthCausationFungi
1845BuddAccepted parasitic cause of a liver disease.GroveCausationHelminths
1845DonnePublished engraving of first photomicrograph of a microbial pathogen.CampbellMicroscopyProtozoa
1845DujardinRecorded the similarity between the scolex of porcine cysticerci and the head of adult tapeworms (Taenia) from humans.GroveCausationHelminths
1845MontagneDescribed and named fungus of potato blight.AinsworthCausationFungi
1845SieboldPublished his conclusion that protozoa were single-celled animals.Anon.MiscellanyProtozoa
1846BerkeleyPublished fungal causation of potato blight.AinsworthCausationFungi
1846EichstedtReported fungal etiology of pityriasis versicolor of human skin.RipponCausationFungi
1846LeidyFound Trichinella larvae in pork.CampbellCausationHelminths
1846NorbertIntroduced test plate of ruled lines.Anon.MicroscopyGeneral
1846PanumShowed transmissibility of measles.NormanCausationViruses
1846RasoriRecorded hypothesis that malaria is caused by parasites.Bruce-ChwattCausationProtozoa
1847CallenderReduced mortality from post-operative infections by instituting hygienic measures.WallerMiscellanyGeneral
1847DanielssenWith Boeck, published landmark treatise on leprosy.MangeCausationBacteria
1847DempsterUsed spleen enlargement as index in assessing malaria endemicity in children.Bruce-ChwattMiscellanyProtozoa
1847FujiiDescribed human syndrome known as Katayama disease, subsequently found to be schistosomiasis.GroveMiscellanyHelminths
1847MeckelObserved black pigment inside protoplasmic masses in blood of fatal case of malaria.HarrisonMiscellanyProtozoa
1847SemmelweisReduced deaths from puerperal (childbed) fever by instituting disinfection of physicians' hands.NormanCausationGeneral
1847Sluytera. Found fungus Microsporon furfur (later Trichophyton) in skin.BullockCausationFungi
1847Sluyterb. Reported Aspergillus infection in the human respiratory tract.Anon.MiscellanyFungi
1847Sluyterc. Reported fungal etiology of pityriasis versicolor of human skin.Anon.CausationFungi
1847SpencerDeveloped achromatic objective to a new standard of excellence.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1847TulasneReported evidence of fungal causation of plant diseases.ParrisCausationFungi
1848BerkeleyStated that many plant diseases are caused by fungi.ParrisCausationFungi
1848BlackwellAdvocated personal hygiene in disease prevention.WilsonMiscellanyGeneral
1848ChadwickMasterminded passage of the Public Health Act in Britain.GarrisonMiscellanyGeneral
1848NottPublished papers often cited, inaccurately, as proposing insects as vectors of disease.CherninMiscellanyGeneral
1848PasteurDiscovered chirality of optically active compounds.Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1848PollanderFound bacillus in blood of animals dying of anthrax.Anon.CausationBacteria
1848VirchowWith Frerichs, recognized connection between black pigmentation of internal organs and death from malaria.Bruce-ChwattMiscellanyProtozoa
1849BrittanReported fungus, erroneously, in cholera.BullockMiscellanyBacteria
1849Budda. Reported objects thought to be fungus in cholera.BullockMiscellanyBacteria
1849Buddb. Reported evidence of link between cholera and drinking water.DoetschCausationBacteria
1849GrosObserved amoebae around teeth in humans.NormanCausationProtozoa
1849NageliLumped the colorless infusoria together in (a new?) group Schizomyces.GarrisonMiscellanyGeneral
1849PollenderObserved micro-organisms in blood of cows that had died from anthrax.NormanCausationBacteria
1849PouchetReported animalcules (vibrios) in cholera.BullockMiscellanyBacteria
1849SnowEssays on cholera, stating that it is water-borne, and transmitted by mouth.NormanCausationBacteria
1849SwayneReported fungus in cholera (later discredited).BullockMiscellanyBacteria
1849WilkinsonRecognized the fungal (epiphyte) nature of a vaginal discharge (candidiasis).RipponCausationFungi
1850CohnReported study on the pigment-producing (red) bacterium Monas prodigiosa.DoetschMiscellanyBacteria
1850DavaineSaw bacillus in blood of sheep dead from anthrax.LongCausationBacteria
1850FresniusReported a fungus infection in the air sac of birds.Anon.CausationFungi
1850GilletIntroduced the achromatic condenser lens.Anon.MicroscopyGeneral
1850RayerReported elongated bodies (rods) in blood of sheep dead of anthrax.NormanCausationBacteria
1850SemmelweisPublished his use of a disinfectant to prevent human disease.Brock (1961)MiscellanyGeneral
1851Anon.Debated contagion vs. miasma, at the first International Health Conference.Anon.CausationGeneral
1851BilharzReported discovery of a dioecious trematode (Schistosoma) in portal blood of humans.Garrison & MortonMiscellanyHelminths
1851HerbstReported infecting dogs with Trichinella by feeding infected meat.CampbellCausationHelminths
1851KuchenmeisterInfected foxes with Taenia pisiformis by feeding them Cysticercus pisiformis from rabbit.GroveCausationHelminths
1852BilharzReported that hookworm was cause of Egyptian chlorosis.GroveCausationHelminths
1852KuchenmeisterReported infecting cat with Taenia taeniaeformis by feeding Cysticercus fasciolaris from mice.GroveCausationHelminths
1852PertyPublished work on microbes, with revised classification.Anon.MiscellanyBacteria
1852SnowArgued for germ causation of cholera.Anon.CausationBacteria
1853Auzias-TurenneAdvocated vaccination against syphilis, and stressed variation in microbial virulence.WilliamsImmunologyBacteria
1853CohnReported observations on micro-organisms in drinking water.DoetschMiscellanyBacteria
1853KuchenmeisterReported infection of dogs with Taenia spp. after feeding them cystic tapeworms.GroveCausationHelminths
1853RobinDescribed fungal parasites of humans and other animals, but did not fully accept their role in causation of disease.RipponMiscellanyFungi
1853SieboldReported infection of dogs with Echinococcus after feeding them hydatid cysts from sheep.GroveMiscellanyHelminths
1854BechampBegan study of the chemistry of sugar fermentation.Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1854BenedenReported that feeding Taenia solium eggs to a pig resulted in cysticerci in muscles.GroveMiscellanyHelminths
1854CohnPublished book on microscopic algae & fungi; proposed that bacteria (Vibrionia) be classified as plants instead of animals.LechevalierMiscellanyBacteria
1854GraefeReported an actinomycete as the causative agent of inflammation of the human tear duct (canaliculitis).Anon.CausationBacteria
1854Griesingera. Reported pathogenesis of schistosomiasis.GroveCausationHelminths
1854Griesingerb. Reported hookworm as cause of fatal blood loss.GroveCausationHelminths
1854HassallReported myriads of microbes in watery stools of cholera victims.ChaseMiscellanyBacteria
1854KuchenmeisterReported tapeworm infection in a human following ingestion of larvae from pork.GroveCausationHelminths
1854MouatPublished a report on the ancient Asian use of chaulmoogra oil in the treatment of leprosy.Anon.MiscellanyBacteria
1854PaciniDiscovered microorganisms in intestines of cholera victims and proposed causation.ChaseCausationBacteria
1854RidellIntroduced a binocular microscope.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1854SchroederWith von Dusch, reported that the development of microorganisms in sterile organic matter can be prevented by passing incoming air through cotton wool.Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1854SnowReported epidemiological evidence of water as carrier of cholera.NormanCausationBacteria
1854WhiteheadInvestigated cholera transmission and provided crucial support for Snow's theory of transmission by drinking water.JohnsonCausationBacteria
1855AmiciExhibited immersion lenses, using water, glycerine or oils as the fluid medium.Bradbury.MicroscopyGeneral
1855GerlachIntroduced ammoniated carmine as a histological stain.Anon.MicroscopyGeneral
1855HumbertInfected himself with pork tapeworm, confirming cysticercus as infective stage.GroveCausationHelminths
1855PasteurShowed that crude alcohol from beet was not optically same as from molasses.GeisonMiscellanyGeneral
1855PollanderReported micro-organisms in blood, and especially spleen, of cows dead of anthrax.NormanCausationBacteria
1855ValetteReported infectivity of trematode cercariae following encystment.GroveMiscellanyHelminths
1855WenhamMade a much improved correction collar for cover slip thickness.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1856BettingerReported (anonymously) the inoculability of syphilis.NormanCausationBacteria
1856HoeghInitiated an influential Leprosy Registry in Norway.IrgensMiscellanyBacteria
1856PanumReported lethal effect of injecting putrid blood, muscle etc. into dogs.Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1856PerkinSynthesized the first aniline dye (purple).GarrisonMicroscopyGeneral
1856VirchowReported that "pigeon-handler's disease" is caused by a respiratory fungal infection (aspergillosis).AinsworthCausationFungi
1857BrauellUsing infected blood, transmitted anthrax from human to sheep, and horse to horse.Anon.CausationBacteria
1857KuehnFound nematode parasitic in teasel plant (Dipsacus).ParrisCausationHelminths
1857LeuckartDescribed life cycle of Trichinella spiralis, a parasitic nematode.GroveMiscellanyHelminths
1857MalmstenReported Balantidium coli as pathogenic in human intestine.GarrisonCausationProtozoa
1857NageliCoined Schizomycetes (fission fungi) for bacteria and other micro-organisms.Anon.MiscellanyBacteria
1857NageliDescribed cells in silkworm disease as Nosema bombycis.Anon.CausationGeneral
1857Pasteura. Claimed specific ferments as cause of particular fermentations.CarterMiscellanyGeneral
1857Pasteurb. Showed that milk microbes make lactic acid.Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1857SpeerschneiderDemonstrated contagiousness of potato blight fungus.ParrisCausationFungi
1858BechampReported results of studies on fermentation of cane sugar.Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1858BrauellReported further studies on transmission of anthrax in sheep.CarterCausationBacteria
1858DockerReintroduced ipecac for dysentery.GarrisonMiscellanyProtozoa
1858HoeghConcluded that leprosy is contagious not hereditary.MangeCausationBacteria
1858KuehnPublished book on fungal diseases of plants.AinsworthCausationFungi
1858PasteurSaw microbes in spoiled wine.Anon.MiscellanyBacteria
1859Auzias-TurenneWith Gilbert, infected patients by inoculating them with pus from secondary syphilis.DracoblyCausationBacteria
1859BazalgetteBegan construction of major sewerage system in London, to reduce disease attributed either to stench or to water-borne agent.HallidayMiscellanyGeneral
1859BrehmerOpened first TB sanatorium.GarrisonMiscellanyBacteria
1859HartnackBegan making water-immersion lenses.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1859HomanWith Hartwig, traced transmission of dysentery.KobroCausationGeneral
1859PasteurExpressed the opinion that the causes of contagious diseases are similar to the causes of fermentation.Vallery-RadotCausationGeneral
1859PouchetPublished book supporting concept of spontaneous generation, eliciting critical counter argument for germ theory.GeisonMiscellanyGeneral
1859SchachtReported nematode as cause of serious disease of sugar beet.ParrisCausationHelminths
1859VirchowInfected dog with Trichinella and discovered the adult worm in small intestine.GroveCausationHelminths
1860CarterCoined mycetoma for tumors caused by fungi.Anon.CausationFungi
1860DelafondStudied rods found in anthrax, and tried to culture them.BullockCausationBacteria
1860LemaireProposed treatment of wounds with carbolic acid to kill germs.Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1860NightingaleFounded Nightingale Training School for Nurses; opposed Germ Theory until her death.FisherMiscellanyGeneral
1860PasteurPublished major paper on role of living organisms in alcoholic fermentation.LechevalierMiscellanyFungi
1860WenhamIntroduced a binocular microscope.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1860ZenkerFound overwhelming evidence that microscopic worms (Trichinella spiralis) caused fatal muscle disease in one case.GroveCausationHelminths
1861BaryEstablished fungal causation of potato blight.AinsworthCausationFungi
1861Pasteura. Reported that some organisms can live without oxygen (anaerobic fermentation).CarterMiscellanyGeneral
1861Pasteurb. Published classic paper on germs in air.CarterCausationBacteria
1861Pasteurc. Reported that specific microbes are responsible for specific fermentations.CarterMiscellanyGeneral
1861SemmelweisPublished book on prevention of puerperal fever.GarrisonMiscellanyGeneral
1862DavaineReported infectivity of helminth eggs.GroveMiscellanyHelminths
1862DelafondWith Bourguignon, reported studies on newly discovered mites of sheep and rabbits.TouratierCausationGeneral
1862LeuckartFound beef tapeworm, Taenia saginata, in calves fed Cysticercus bovis.GroveCausationHelminths
1862MayrhoferApplied isolation and re-inoculation techniques.CarterCausationGeneral
1862SalisburyAttempted to show that fungi (molds in the environment) caused diseases such as measles and malaria.Anon.CausationFungi
1863BaryReported definitive study of fungal causation of potato blight.ParrisCausationFungi
1863BechampSynthesized arsanilic acid, precursor of the antimicrobial agent atoxyl.CollardMiscellanyGeneral
1863BottiniUsed phenol as an antiseptic in surgery.LechevalierMiscellanyGeneral
1863Davainea. Reported evidence of the bacterial causation of anthrax in sheep.GarrisonCausationBacteria
1863Davaineb. Reported that anthrax blood was non-infective after heating at 55 C for 10 min.GeisonMiscellanyBacteria
1863DemarquayReported the presence of filarial larvae in swelling of scrotum of human.GroveCausationHelminths
1863FreseniusUsed potato as a solid medium for microbial growth.GarrisonMiscellanyBacteria
1863Pasteura. Reported that putrefaction is caused by organized ferments of genus Vibrio.BullockMiscellanyBacteria
1863Pasteurb. Published first report on wine spoilage.CarterMiscellanyGeneral
1863Pasteurc. Wrote letter to Napoleon III expressing interest in finding cause of infectious diseases.CollardCausationGeneral
1864BechampIntroduced the term "zymase" (now enzyme).Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1864BuddDemonstrate efficacy of disinfectants in control of typhoid fever.CirilloMiscellanyBacteria
1864Pasteura. Associated a (vegetable) ferment with a wine "maladie".CarterMiscellanyGeneral
1864Pasteurb. Lectured in opposition to theory of spontaneous generation.GeisonMiscellanyGeneral
1864SteinheilIntroduced improved triplet lens for the simple microscope.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1864WeberReported results of injecting putrid fluids into animals.Anon.MiscellanyBacteria
1864WellsProposed that air-borne microscopic organisms cause post-surgical wound infection and sepsis.WorboysCausationBacteria
1865BohmerIntroduced haematoxylin as a "dye" in microscopy.FordMicroscopyGeneral
1865GamgeeAdvocated contagion-based control of rinderpest.Anon.CausationGeneral
1865HallierAlleged fungal cause of diseases.Anon.CausationFungi
1865HomanWith Hartwig, traced transmission of typhoid.KobroCausationGeneral
1865HuppertPublished review on anthrax literature, claiming that Davaine had shown causality.CarterCausationBacteria
1865LemaireProposed carbolic acid as disinfectant for wounds.BullockMiscellanyGeneral
1865LeuckartShowed that pinworm (Enterobius) infection resulted from swallowing eggs of the parasite.GroveCausationHelminths
1865ListerBegan using antiseptic to prevent wound infection in surgery.Garrison & MortonCausationBacteria
1865LoweAdvocated contagion-based control of rinderpest.Anon.CausationGeneral
1865Pasteura. Saw "corpuscular bodies" in silkworm disease.BullockMiscellanyGeneral
1865Pasteurb. Commented on anthrax vaccine of colleagues.CarterImmunologyBacteria
1865Pasteurc. Presented oral paper on inhibition of microbial growth by pasteurization.DebréMiscellanyGeneral
1865PowellWith Lealand, introduced a binocular microscope suitable for high magnification.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1865SimonAdvocated contagion-based control of rinderpest.BullockCausationGeneral
1865SimondsAdvocated contagion-based control of rinderpest (cattle plague).Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1865VilleminShowed (1865-69) that tuberculosis was due to an (unseen) inoculable agent.LechevalierCausationBacteria
1866BrauellArgued that the literature opposed rather than supported bacteria as cause of anthrax.CarterCausationBacteria
1866CozeWith Feltz, published first of a series of papers linking bacteria to putrid blood.Anon.CausationBacteria
1866GriesingerShowed that hookworm is a cause of disease in humans.GroveCausationHelminths
1866HemmerReported results of injecting pus and other putrid fluids into cats and rabbits.Anon.CausationGeneral
1866KolbFound bacteria in cholera stool.DoetschCausationBacteria
1866Pasteura. Published book on wine diseases.CarterMiscellanyGeneral
1866Pasteurb. Reported transmission of silkworm disease by means of corpuscles.CarterCausationGeneral
1866WoroninConcluded (erroneously, because of knowledge then available) that bacteria in plant root nodules were pathogenic.LechevalierCausationBacteria
1866WuchererConfirmed Griesinger's finding that hookworm causes tropical anemia.GroveCausationHelminths
1867BuhlSaw microbes in diphtheriaBullochCausationBacteria
1867LeydenWith Jaffe, implicated microbes in sepsis.BullockCausationBacteria
1867ListerReported use of carbolic acid to prevent wound infection in surgery.Brock (1961)CausationBacteria
1867MercetTransmissibility of tuberculosis.Anon.CausationBacteria
1867PasteurReported that silkworm deaths were attributable to two diseases.CarterCausationGeneral
1868BealeOpposed germ theory on ground that microbes may be found in the lungs and intestiines of healthy people.WallerMiscellanyBacteria
1868ChauveauPresented evidence for the particulate nature of the cowpox agent.HowardCausationViruses
1868HueterSaw microbes in sepsis.BullockCausationBacteria
1868KeberDemonstrated the infectivity of vaccinia lymph after filtration, and observed objects of extremely small size.Anon.CausationViruses
1868ObermeierDiscovered spirochaete of relapsing fever.Anon.CausationBacteria
1868OertelSaw microbes in diphtheria.BullockCausationBacteria
1868TommasiWith Hueter, implicated microbes in diphtheria.BullockCausationBacteria
1868VilleminPublished his evidence for the inoculability of tuberculosis.LechevalierCausationBacteria
1868WuchererReported the presence of filarial larvae in human urine.GroveCausationHelminths
1868WunderlichReported on significance of temperature in disease.Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1869Drognat-LandrePublished non-microbiological evidence for infectious nature of leprosy.HarboeCausationBacteria
1869FedchenkoObserved Dracunculus larvae in crustacean host.GroveMiscellanyHelminths
1869GamgeeMade erroneous pronouncement re babesiosis.Anon.CausationProtozoa
1869Hoffmana. Used potato as solid medium for cultivation of microbes.GarrisonMiscellanyBacteria
1869Hoffmanb. Reported use of vegetable dye (carmine) to stain bacteria.Anon.MiscellanyBacteria
1869HuterSaw bacteria in fluid squeezed from a puncture in erysipelatous skin.FosterCausationBacteria
1869KlebsIntroduced hard paraffin (paraffin wax) for embedding objects in preparation for sectioning and microscopic examination.Anon.MicroscopyGeneral
1869OliverDid experiments (reported in 1870) suggesting that Taenia saginata is acquired by eating measly beef.GroveCausationHelminths
1869PasteurReported two enteric ferments associated with the silkworm disease flacherie.CarterCausationGeneral
1869SalisburyMade insupportable claim that measles, typhoid and malaria were caused by fungi.WallerCausationFungi
1869TrendelburgReported experimental infection of rabbits with diphtheria.FosterCausationBacteria
1870CramerReported that granules in Beggiatoa are made of sulfur.DoetschMiscellanyGeneral
1870FedchenkoReported the transmission of a nematode parasite (Dracunculus) by ingestion of an infected crustacean (Cyclops).GroveMiscellanyHelminths
1870KlebsIntroduced use of unglazed clay cells, connected to air pump, for filtering out bacteria.WatersonMiscellanyBacteria
1870LanghansReported erythrocytes inside leucocytes around hemorrhagic foci.Anon.ImmunologyGeneral
1870LewisSaw amebae in cholera stools, and recognized that they were not the causative agent.FosterMiscellanyProtozoa
1870NassiloffSaw microbes in diphtheria.BullockCausationBacteria
1870Pasteura. Published major book on silkworm diseases.CarterCausationGeneral
1870SandersonConfirmed Chauveau's evidence for the particulate nature of the cowpox agent.Anon.CausationViruses
1870WingeSaw microbes in endocarditis.BullockMiscellanyGeneral
1871BastianReported his strong opposition to the germ theory of disease.WorboysMiscellanyGeneral
1871HansenSaw rod-shaped microbe in leprosy.LongCausationBacteria
1871KlebsFound that anthrax germs could be removed from a solution by filter.Anon.MiscellanyBacteria
1871OertelInfected rabbits with diphtheria by injecting tissue from human false membrane into trachea.Anon.CausationBacteria
1871PasteurBegan investigations on the fermentation responsible for the production of beer.GeisonMiscellanyGeneral
1871RecklinghausenImplicated microbes in sepsis.BullockCausationBacteria
1871TiegelReported result of filtering anthrax blood through plaster of Paris.Anon.CausationBacteria
1871WeigertStained bacteria with carmine.GarrisonMiscellanyBacteria
1872Birch-HirschfeldReported that cocci injected into the bloodstream may be engulfed by leucocytes.Anon.ImmunologyBacteria
1872CohnPublished book on bacteria, one of his many contributions to bacteriology.DoetschMiscellanyBacteria
1872CohnSaw microbes in sepsis.BullockCausationBacteria
1872CozeWith Feltz, published summary of work on bacteria and putrid blood.BullockCausationBacteria
1872DavaineReported studies on septicemia and putrefaction.BullockCausationBacteria
1872EberthAdded to Davaine's already strong evidence for the bacterial causation of anthrax.Anon.CausationBacteria
1872EberthSaw microbes in diphtheria.BullockCausationBacteria
1872EberthSaw microbes in endocarditis.BullockCausationBacteria
1872HeibergSaw microbes in endocarditis.BullockCausationBacteria
1872LewisReported the presence of filarial larvae in human blood.GroveMiscellanyHelminths
1872SchroeterReported his studies on the occurrence of pure cultures of microbes on the cut surface of boiled potatoes.BrockMiscellanyBacteria
1872VulpianSupported findings of Davaine and suggested that septicemia could be called bacteremia.BullockCausationBacteria
1872WaldeyerMicrobes in endocarditis.BullockCausationBacteria
1873Abbea. Published new theoretical basis for image formation in microscopy. Introduced concept of numerical aperture.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1873Abbeb. Developed a two-lens condenser ("illuminator") for use with his objectives.Anon.MicroscopyGeneral
1873BuddRecognized contagious nature of typhoid fever, and proposed, on epidemiological grounds, a microbiological causation.CirilloCausationBacteria
1873DavaineReported the antiseptic property of iodine and other chemicals.GeisonMiscellanyGeneral
1873HansenSaw microbes in lymph nodes of leprosy cases.BirchCausationBacteria
1873Klebsa. Saw microbes in sepsis.BullockCausationBacteria
1873Klebsb. Tried (successfully?) to induce tuberculosis in animals by injecton of milk.EvansCausationBacteria
1873KlebsDescribed a germ, Microsporon diphtheriticum, as causative agent of diphtheria.Anon.CausationBacteria
1873KochBegan work on anthrax; saw rods in sheep blood and evidence of spore formation.BrockMiscellanyBacteria
1873LoeschDescribed Entamoeba histolytica.FosterCausationProtozoa
1873MullerSuggested that bacteria, in nature, may convert ammonia to nitric acid.DoetschMiscellanyBacteria
1873MurchisonTraced a London typhoid outbreak to polluted milk, but did not accept germ theory of infection.Anon.CausationBacteria
1873ObermeierObserved spirochaete of relapsing fever.NormanCausationBacteria
1873RivoltaReported an organism in lesions of horses, and named it Cryptococcus farciminosum.Anon.CausationFungi
1873ThaonWith Grancher, supported findings of Villemin concerning transmissibility of tuberculosis.NormanCausationBacteria
1873TollesDesigned and made a homogeneous immersion system.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1874Anon.Vaccinaton of infants against smallpox made a legal reguirement in Germany.SchreiberImmunologyViruses
1874CohnDescribed what would now be called actinomycosis, in the lachrymal canal.Anon.CausationBacteria
1874HansenReported observation of a bacterium in leprosy.FosterCausationBacteria
1874JurgensenArgued that lobar pneumonia is infectious and caused by a specific agent as with typhoid.Anon.CausationBacteria
1874PanumSuggested that leucocytes played role in the body's defense against bacteria.Anon.ImmunologyBacteria
1874PasteurArgued that putrefaction was microbe-induced.CarterCausationGeneral
1874RobertsNoted that "most observers" recognized that the air carries large numbers of fungal spores.Anon.MiscellanyFungi
1874RobertsReported observations on antagonism between bacteria and microscopic fungi such as Penicillium glaucum.LechevalierMiscellanyBacteria
1875Anon.At meetings of the Pathological Society of London, the germ theory of disease was hotly debated.FosterMiscellanyGeneral
1875Anon.Introduced "differentiation" to the staining of tissues.Anon.MicroscopyGeneral
1875BrauellObserved anthrax bacillus in human.SchwabeCausationBacteria
1875EberthFound bacteria on surface of human skin and in sweat glands and hair follicles.Anon.CausationBacteria
1875FeserFound bacteria in cattle blackleg.StalheimCausationBacteria
1875KelschSaw malarial pigment in clear protoplasmic bodies as well as in leucocytes; did not recognize these bodies as parasites.HarrisonMiscellanyProtozoa
1875KlebsReported inconclusive evidence of the microbial causation of pneumonia.FosterCausationBacteria
1875KochDeveloped method for culture of anthrax bacilli, and observed complete spore formation.BrockCausationBacteria
1875LoschReported amebae as almost certain cause of severe dysentery in a human.AckerknechtCausationProtozoa
1875McConnellReported a new trematode, Clonorchis (Asiatic liver fluke) and described its pathogenicity.GroveCausationHelminths
1875O'NeillReported microfilariae (of Onchocerca) in human skin.GroveCausationHelminths
1875PasteurClaimed that ammoniacal urine was the result of microbial action.CarterMiscellanyGeneral
1875RokitanskyWas first to show bacteria in lesions of endocarditis.GarrisonCausationBacteria
1875SchroterUsed potato as solid medium, and identified bacteria by characteristics of culture.Anon.MiscellanyBacteria
1875WeigertPublished comprehensive analysis of the nature of bacteria.BullockCausationGeneral
1875WeigertStained bacteria with aniline dye, "methyl violet."LongMiscellanyBacteria
1876Anon.Exhibited the latest advances in the design of microscopes.RichardsMicroscopyGeneral
1876BancroftFound adult Wuchereria bancrofti in a lymphatic abscess and in hydrocoel in a human.GroveCausationHelminths
1876BauschBegan factory production methods for microscopes.RichardsMicroscopyGeneral
1876BollingerRecognized infectious nature of actinomycosis.RipponCausationBacteria
1876CohnFound heat-resistant spore of Bacillus subtilis (published in following year).GarrisonMiscellanyBacteria
1876CohnPublished major study of heat in the sterilization of various liquids and solids.Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1876FuerbringerReported that the fungus Mucor was an agent of pulmonary disease in humans.Anon.CausationFungi
1876KlebsPublished comprehensive theory of the bacterial causation of disease.Carter (see Notes)CausationBacteria
1876Kocha. Asserted bacterial causation of anthrax and demonstrated evidence in public.NormanCausationBacteria
1876Kochb. Reported bacteria in local lymph cells of frog after implantation of infected tissue.Anon.CausationBacteria
1876Kochc. Used hanging drop method for study of anthrax bacillus.Anon.MiscellanyBacteria
1876Kochd. Introduced the use of the white mouse as a laboratory animal.Brock 1999MiscellanyGeneral
1876KrishnaswamiWith Whitmore, described a bacillus in melioidosis.LeeMiscellanyBacteria
1876NormandReported Strongyloides (Anguillula) stercoralis as a new nematode parasite of humans.GroveCausationHelminths
1876Pasteura. Cultured an organism and used its "ferment" to make urine ammoniacal.CarterCausationGeneral
1876Pasteurb. Published book on the role of microbes in production of beer.LechevalierMiscellanyGeneral
1876Pasteurc. Sterilization by heat at 115 - 120 C under pressure.CollardMiscellanyGeneral
1876SalomonsenIntroduced a capillary-tube method for isolating bacteria from putrefying blood.DoetschMiscellanyBacteria
1876Tyndalla. Reported antagonism between a mold (Penicillium) and bacteria in vitro.LechevalierMiscellanyGeneral
1876Tyndallb. Produced experimental evidence for the transport of microbes by airborne particles.WallerMiscellanyGeneral
1876WeigertSaw microbes in sepsis.BullockCausationBacteria
1877BertReported evidence allegedly refuting Koch's claim that anthrax was caused by a bacterium.HowardCausationBacteria
1877BilrothIntroduced term "streptococcus."FosterMiscellanyBacteria
1877BurrillReported micro-organisms as possible agents of disease in plants.DoetschCausationBacteria
1877CohnReported that the hay bacillus has a heat-resistant spore form.Brock (1961)MiscellanyBacteria
1877HarzDescribed actinomycosis in cattle.Anon.CausationFungi
1877Kocha. Published powerful evidence of the bacterial causation of anthrax, and described life cycle of the responsible bacillus.Brock (1961)CausationBacteria
1877Kochb. Published the first photomicrographs of bacteria.BrockMicroscopyBacteria
1877Kochc. Used water-immersion lens to study bacteria.Anon.MiscellanyBacteria
1877Kochd. Made dry films of bacteria and stained them with methylene blue.BrockMiscellanyBacteria
1877Pasteura. Reported microbial causation of anthrax.CarterCausationBacteria
1877Pasteurb. Reported that the anthrax bacillus was infective to guinea-pigs even when grown for many generations in the absence of blood.FosterCausationBacteria
1877Pasteurc. With Joubert, reported apparent bacterial antagonism.LechevalierMiscellanyBacteria
1877PowellWith Lealand, made water-immersion objective of 1/8" focus and numerical aperture of 1.26.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1877SchloesingWith Muntz, demonstrated that nitrate in soil was produced by "nitrifying" micro-organisms.DoetschMiscellanyBacteria
1877TyndallReported that bacteria must have a heat-resistant form.BrockMiscellanyBacteria
1878GrassiWith Parona, described life cycle of Strongyloides stercoralis.GroveMiscellanyHelminths
1878GrassiWith Parona, reported that hookworm infections could be diagnosed in living patients by detection of eggs in fecal examination.NormanMiscellanyHelminths
1878IsraelWith Ponfick, described in humans what would be called actinomycosis, and isolated the agent.Anon.CausationFungi
1878KochPublished evidence of bacterial causation of wound infections in various animals.BrockCausationBacteria
1878LewisFound trypanosomes in blood of rat.FosterCausationProtozoa
1878ListerReported detailed study of lactic fermentation in the souring of milk.DoetschMiscellanyGeneral
1878MansonReported first insect vector of a human disease.GroveCausationHelminths
1878Pasteura. Confirmed microorganisms as cause of flacherie in silkworms.CarterCausationGeneral
1878Pasteurb. Described an anaerobic organism associated with putrid material and causing septicemia in animals.Anon.MiscellanyBacteria
1878PerroncitoDescribed agent of fowl cholera (later Pasteurella multocida).Anon.CausationBacteria
1878PettenkoferAppointed, while unsupportive of germ theory, to a chair of hygiene at Munich.Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1878PowellWith Lealand, improved on the achromatic condenser lenses that they had been making for some years.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1878SedillotProposed "microbe" as a general term for a microscopic organism.LechevalierMiscellanyGeneral
1878StephensonPublished proposal for homogeneous immersion.FordMicroscopyGeneral
1878ToussaintExtended Perroncito's work on the agent of fowl cholera (later Pasteurella septica); sent agent to Pasteur.GeisonCausationBacteria
1879AbbeAdvocated use of homogeneous immersion system.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1879AfanasievSuggested that malaria is caused by black pigment seen in the tissues of victims, perhaps of protozoal origin.Bruce-ChwattCausationProtozoa
1879Anon.Clarified "sepsis" and "pyaemia."BullockMiscellanyGeneral
1879Anon.Reported that most physicians had given up belief in Spontaneous Generation even before Pasteur's experiments.CarterMiscellanyGeneral
1879BurrillReported further evidence of microbial nature of disease in plants.DoetschCausationBacteria
1879GaltierReported transmission of rabies from dogs to rabbits.GeisonMiscellanyViruses
1879KlebsInoculated syphilis into apes and probably saw the spirochaete.NormanCausationBacteria
1879KochPublished classic paper on the "etiology of traumatic infective diseases."BrockCausationBacteria
1879LawPublished Lung Plague, describing pleuropneumonia in cattle in U.S.A.StalheimMiscellanyBacteria
1879LeberReported a case of mycotic keratitis, and described the organism in the cornea as Aspergillus.Anon.CausationFungi
1879MansonDescribed fungal agent of a tropical ringworm.AinsworthCausationFungi
1879NeisserExtended Hansen's 1874 observations on germs in leprosy.FosterCausationBacteria
1879NeisserReported a micro-organism clearly associated with gonorrhea.FosterCausationBacteria
1879PasteurIsolated pathogenic staphylococci and streptococci.FosterCausationBacteria
1880AbbeDesigned binocular microscope.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1880Anon.Oil-immersion objectives took over from water-immersion objectives for the most demanding microscopical work.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1880CohnheimReported tuberculosis in rabbit eye following inoculation.GarrisonCausationBacteria
1880Ebertha. Described germs in pneumonia.Anon.CausationBacteria
1880Eberthb. With Gaffky, reported bacillus as causative organism of typhoid fever.GarrisonCausationBacteria
1880EvansDescribed the trypanosome agent of surra in horses.FosterCausationProtozoa
1880EwartSaid in lecture that leucocytes (and kidney) attacked inoculated anthrax bacilli in animals.Anon.ImmunologyBacteria
1880FowlerReported a clinical correlation between tonsillitis and subsequent rheumatic fever.Anon.MiscellanyBacteria
1880Kocha. Reported role of specific bacteria in the etiology of particular dieeases (wound infections, sepsis and others).Brock (1961)CausationBacteria
1880Kochb. Discovered delayed hypersensitivity (cell-mediated immunity) in tuberculosis.BellantiImmunologyBacteria
1880LaveranDiscovered agent (Plasmodium) of malaria.FosterCausationProtozoa
1880MansonPublished further evidence of the mosquito as vector of filariasis.GroveCausationHelminths
1880Pasteura. Reported immunization by attenuation of a bacterium -- the agent of fowl cholera.GeisonImmunologyBacteria
1880Pasteurb. Reported germs responsible for boils and puerperal fever.GarrisonCausationBacteria
1880Pasteurc. Observed agent of lobar pneumonia.Anon.CausationBacteria
1880Toussainta. Reported immunization of cattle against anthrax by filtered-heated blood.FosterImmunologyBacteria
1880Toussaintb. Reported immunization against anthrax by chemically attenuated germs.GeisonImmunologyBacteria
1881AufrechtProbably saw tuberculosis bacillus.GarrisonCausationBacteria
1881BechampStarted publishing concept of microzymas.Anon.CausationGeneral
1881BraunInfected dogs with Diphyllobothrium by feeding plerocercoid larvae from fish.Anon.CausationHelminths
1881EhrlichReported the utility of the basic dye, methylene blue, for staining acid-fast bacteria.Anon.MiscellanyBacteria
1881FinlayPresented paper on his hypothesis that Yellow Fever is transmitted by mosquitoes.Anon.CausationViruses
1881Galtiera. Reported rabies transmission from dogs to guinea-pigs.FosterCausationViruses
1881Galtierb. Reported immunization of sheep vs. rabies by injection of saliva of rabid dogs.GeisonImmunologyViruses
1881Kocha. Published landmark paper on bacteriological methods, including solid medium for pure culture.Brock (1961)MiscellanyBacteria
1881Kochb. With Gaffky and Loeffler: reported data that served as basis for successful autoclave procedures.BrockMiscellanyGeneral
1881LoefflerPublished formula for "nutrient broth."Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1881OgstonReported cluster-forming germ as agent of septic abscess.GarrisonCausationBacteria
1881Pasteura. Reported immunization against anthrax by attenuated bacteria.GeisonImmunologyBacteria
1881Pasteurb. Carried out his famous public demonstration of anthrax vaccination.FosterImmunologyBacteria
1881Pasteurc. Published reports on a germ that was probably the diplococcus of pneumonia.SternbergCausationBacteria
1881Pasteurd. Reported transmission of rabies by intracranial inoculation of brain tissue.GeisonCausationViruses
1881SternbergPublished studies on a germ from human saliva that caused septicemia in rabbits.Anon.CausationBacteria
1881TappeinerTransmitted tuberculosis from human to dog by inhalation.FosterCausationBacteria
1881WaringtonConfirmed nitrification by soil bacteria.DoetschMiscellanyBacteria
1882BaumgartenReported discovery of a bacillus in unstained tuberculosis tissue.GarrisonCausationBacteria
1882BraunInfected humans with Diphyllobothrium by feeding them plerocercoid larvae from fish.GroveCausationHelminths
1882EhrlichReported an improved method for staining the tubercle bacillus (and other acid-fact bacteria).BrockMiscellanyBacteria
1882FriedlanderReported diplococci (pneumococci) in large numbers in lung sections taken at autopsy in cases of pneumonia.Anon.CausationBacteria
1882HesseIntroduced agar as solidifying agent for culture of bacteria.BrockMiscellanyBacteria
1882Kocha. Reported discovery of the tuberculosis bacillus.LechevalierCausationBacteria
1882Kochb. Reported, as an incidental remark, the value of agar in bacteriological media.BrockMiscellanyBacteria
1882Kochc. Used heat to get methylene blue into waxy envelope of tubercle bacilli so as to stain them.Anon.MiscellanyBacteria
1882LeuckartReported Fasciola in snail intermediate host, Lymnaea truncatula.FosterCausationHelminths
1882LoefflerWith Schultz, isolated agent of glanders (later named Actinobacillus).LechevalierCausationBacteria
1882MetchnikoffReported the phenomenon of phagocytosis.Silverstein.ImmunologyGeneral
1882OgstonIntroduced name Staphylococcus for germ found in clusters, like bunches of grapes.BrockMiscellanyBacteria
1882Pasteura. Reported transmission of rabies by intravenous, rather than intracranial, inoculation.GeisonMiscellanyViruses
1882Pasteurb. Reported that some dogs could survive rabies and become immune to subsequent challenge.GeisonImmunologyViruses
1882Pasteurc. With Thuillier, reported agent of swine erysipelas.BullockCausationBacteria
1882TalamonReported at a meeting, the presence of diplococci in the lungs of pneumonia cases.FosterCausationBacteria
1882ThomasReported Fasciola in snail intermediate host (Lymnaea truncatula).FosterCausationHelminths
1882ThuillerDemonstrated to German observers the effectiveness of Pasture's anthrax vaccine.BrockImmunologyBacteria
1882ZiehlUsed phenol (instead of Ehrlich's aniline water) with methyl violet for staining tubercle bacilli.BrockMiscellanyBacteria
1883FehleisenReported the causative agent of erysipelas, a chain-forming coccus.FosterCausationBacteria
1883GarreProved infectivity of Staphylococcus pyogenes for humans.FosterCausationBacteria
1883KlebsReported bacilli in the false membrane of diphtheria.Anon.CausationBacteria
1883KochDiscovered and cultured agent of cholera; confirmed and reported in the following year.BrockCausationBacteria
1883KochObserved ameboid parasites in sections of intestinal ulcer and hepatic abscess.FosterCausationProtozoa
1883LoefflerPublished firstl statement of Koch's Postulates, as guide to the establishment of disease causation by a mibroorganism.BrockCausationBacteria
1883NeelsenModified Ziehl's method of staining tubercle bacilli.BrockMiscellanyBacteria
1883Pasteura. With Thuillier, reported that passage of swine-fever microbe through rabbits decreased its virulence for swine.BullockMiscellanyGeneral
1883ThuillierDied of cholera in Egypt while trying to discover its cause.LechevalierMiscellanyBacteria
1883WakkerReported the bacterial causation of Yellow Disease in hyacinths.LechevalierCausationBacteria
1884Anon.Campaign begun to control bovine pleuropneumonia in USA.StalheimMiscellanyBacteria
1884Anon.Introduced first commercial autoclaves.Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1884ChamberlandDescribed candle-shaped porcelain filter for ridding drinking water of microbes.LechevalierMiscellanyBacteria
1884FinklerWith Prior, reported the presence of comma shaped bacteria in feces of patients with diarrhea (not cholera).Anon.CausationBacteria
1884FraenkelDiscovered agent of pneumonia.GarrisonCausationBacteria
1884GaffkyReported confirmation of Eberth's claim for bacillus as germ of typhoid.FosterCausationBacteria
1884GerhardtTransmitted malaria by injectionJaramilloCausationProtozoa
1884GramReported improved stain for bacteria.Brock (1961)MiscellanyBacteria
1884KitasatoReported confirmation of "Nicolaier's Bacillus" as causative agent of tetanus.FosterCausationBacteria
1884KleinMay have swallowed cholera bacteria to test causation of disease.WallerCausationBacteria
1884Kocha. Published "Koch's Postulates" governing the proof of disease causation.BrockCausationGeneral
1884Kochb. Reported that chlorine, bromine and mercuric chloride were good disinfectants.Anon.MiscellanyBacteria
1884Kochc. Published 88-page work "The Etiology of Tuberculosis," expanding the demonstration of 1882.BrockCausationBacteria
1884Kochd. Reported discovery of the causative agent of cholera (now Vibrio cholerae) and its growth in pure culture.BrockCausationBacteria
1884LandouzyRecognized infectious nature of herpes zoster.LeeCausationViruses
1884LichtheimReported experimental infection of rabbits with Mucor spp.Anon.CausationFungi
1884Loefflera. Developed alkaline methylene blue as stain for bacteria.Anon.MiscellanyBacteria
1884Loefflerb. Reported agent of diphtheria.GarrisonCausationBacteria
1884Loefflerc. Found agent of hog cholera.Anon.CausationBacteria
1884Loefflerd. Reported probable causation of scarlet fever by streptococcal germs.FosterCausationBacteria
1884Metchnikoffa. Reported phagocytosis in Daphnia.BibelImmunologyFungi
1884Metchnikoffb. Reported phagocytosis in anthrax, and promoted cellular theory of immunity.SilversteinImmunologyBacteria
1884NicolaierReported causative agent (bacillus) of tetanus.GarrisonCausationBacteria
1884Pasteura. Reported attenuation of rabies by passage in monkeys.GeisonImmunologyViruses
1884Pasteurb. Vaccinated dogs against rabies.Anon.ImmunologyViruses
1884RosenbachIsolated staphylococci in pure culture from wounds.FosterCausationBacteria
1884WeeksWith Koch, discovered the bacillus of pink-eye, later named Haemophilus aegyptius.LeeCausationBacteria
1885ArthurProvided final proof of bacterial causation of plant disease.DoetschCausationBacteria
1885BabesWith Cornil, reported antagonism between different species of bacteria, and speculated about therapeutic value.CollardMiscellanyBacteria
1885BunnReported that cultures of Neisser's gonococcus cause gonorrhea.FosterCausationBacteria
1885CantiniAttempted to exploit bacterial antagonism in the treatment of human disease.LechevalierMiscellanyBacteria
1885CarrionBy self-inoculation demonstrated infectiousnes of verruga peruana, and its link to Oroya Fever (bartonellosis).KnoblochCausationBacteria
1885EscherichDiscovered the enteric bacterium later known as Escherichia coli.FriedmannMiscellanyBacteria
1885FerranAttempted to control a cholera epidemic with an attenuated vaccine.FosterImmunologyBacteria
1885HansenAdvocated seclusion of lepers, in Norway.Anon.MiscellanyBacteria
1885KitasatoMade first pure culture of tetanus bacillus.LechevalierCausationBacteria
1885LoefflerWith Frosch, found cause of foot-and-mouth disease.LechevalierCausationGeneral
1885MayerDemonstrated the contagiousness of tobacco mosaic disease.LechevalierCausationViruses
1885MillardetReported protective effect of Bordeaux Mixture (copper sulfate and lime) against mildew, Plasmopara viticola, of grapes.Anon.MiscellanyFungi
1885OslerSuggested role of bacteria in rheumatic fever.Lee.MiscellanyBacteria
1885PaltaufReported disseminated fungal infection (mucor mycosis) in a human.Anon.CausationFungi
1885Pasteura. Tested a "therapeutic" rabies vaccine in humans with clinical rabies, obtaining equivocal results that were never reported.GeisonImmunologyViruses
1885Pasteurb. Conducted (and reported) trials of "therapeutic" rabies vaccine in humans during presumptive prepatent period of disease.GeisonImmunologyViruses
1885PowerWith Klein, reported that an outbreak of scarlet fever was caused by milk-borne streptococci.FosterCausationBacteria
1885RouxWith Yersin, first described antitoxins.BellantiImmunologyBacteria
1885SalmonIsolated enteric pathogen from swine.NormanCausationBacteria
1886AbbeIntroduced apochromatic objectives.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1886BergmannIntroduced steam sterilization.Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1886BuistReported that he had seen and measured viral elementary bodies in lymph taken from a cowpox inoculation ulcer.WilliamsCausationViruses
1886CalandruccioInfected himself with Trichuris (whipworm) by ingesting eggs.GroveCausationHelminths
1886EscherichPublished monograph on micro-organisms of the normal intestine.GarrisonMiscellanyBacteria
1886FraenkelConfirmed pneumococcus as cause of lobar pneumonia and as the salivary germ known to cause septicemia in rabbits.Anon.CausationBacteria
1886GolgiDescribed 2 species of the parasite (Plasmodium) that causes human malaria.Bruce-ChwattMiscellanyProtozoa
1886LeichtensternInfected humans with hookworm by giving larvae orally.FosterMiscellanyHelminths
1886LindtExtended the work of Lichtheim showing additional species of Mucor to be pathogenic to rabbits.Anon.CausationFungi
1886RossReported (per Manson) that early development of human malaria parasite occurred rapidly in stomach of mosquito.FosterCausationProtozoa
1886SalmonWith Smith, reported successful immunization of pigeons against Salmonella by injecting them with heat-killed Salmonella.LechevalierImmunologyBacteria
1886WeichselbaumReported that pneumonia could be caused by more than one kind of germ.FosterCausationBacteria
1887ArloingWith Cornevin Thomas, showed inoculability of blackleg in cattle.StalheimCausationBacteria
1887BristowePublished major medical textbook, fully accepting the germ theory.BynumMiscellanyGeneral
1887BruceReported isolation of a micrococcus from cases of Malta Fever (undulant fever, brucellosis).GarrisonCausationBacteria
1887ChantemesseWith Widal, published first differential media.CollardMiscellanyBacteria
1887GarreReported that a product of Pseudomonas inhibited growth of other bacteria.Anon.MiscellanyBacteria
1887HlavaConfirmed Entamoeba histolytica as cause of dysentery.ImperatoCausationProtozoa
1887KartulisReported amebae in pus from liver abscess, confirming their suspected role in pathogenesis.FosterCausationProtozoa
1887LoefflerReported immunity in guinea pigs that had survived experimental diphtheria infection.FosterImmunologyBacteria
1887LoefflerWrote more-or-less contemporaneous review of history of bacteriology up to 1878.HowardMiscellanyN.A.
1887PetriDescribed a dish particularly suited to Koch's new method of plating bacteria on solid media.NormanMiscellanyGeneral
1887WeichelsbaumIsolated a bacterium (coccus) form patients with meningitis.LeeMiscellanyBacteria
1887WeichselbaumReported novel type of bacterium in post-mortum material from the brains of cases of cerebrospinal meningitis.GarrisonCausationBacteria
1887WinogradskyReported the metabolism of sulfur by Beggiatoa and other "sulfur bacteria."Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1888AbbeIntroduced superior achromatic condenser.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1888Anon.Pasteur Institute was opened in Paris, reflecting triumph of Pasteur -- and the germ theory.GeisonMiscellanyGeneral
1888BabesReported a parasite in erythrocytes of cattle with disease (babesiosis).FosterCausationProtozoa
1888BeijerinckReported nitrogen-fixing bacteria in legumes.Anon.MiscellanyBacteria
1888BriegerIsolated microbial toxins.GarrisonMiscellanyBacteria
1888BruceReported experimental infection of monkey with Micrococcus (now Brucella abortus).Anon.CausationBacteria
1888ChantemmesseIsolated bacillus of dysentery.LeeMiscellanyBacteria
1888GaertnerIsolated and named Bacillus enteritidis (later Salmonella enteritidis) from an outbreak of gastro-enteritis.GarrisonCausationBacteria
1888GamaleiaDiscovered agent of fibrinous pneumonia.Garrison.CausationBacteria
1888MajimaDescribed disease of human liver associated with eggs later shown to be schistosome eggs.GroveCausationHelminths
1888NocardReported that farcin de boeuf in cattle is caused by an anaerobic actinomycete.Anon.CausationBacteria
1888NuttallReported that anthrax bacilli, if not too numerous, are killed by normal serum (from non-immune animals).LechevalierImmunologyBacteria
1888PasteurProposed deliberate microbial dissemination for control of rabbit populations.Anon.MiscellanyBacteria
1888RouxWith Yersin, reported that the Klebs-Loeffler bacillus of diphtheria produced a toxin.SilversteinImmunologyBacteria
1889AbbeProduced (at Zeiss) an objective with the highest numerical aperture ever achieved: 1.63.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1889BaillonGave name Malassezia furfur to fungal agent of pityriasis versicolor and separated it from ringworm.Anon.CausationFungi
1889BehringStudied antiseptic iodoform.Anon.MiscellanyBacteria
1889BuchnerConfirmed Nuttall's report of the germicidal action of normal (non-immune) serum.GarrisonImmunologyBacteria
1889CelliWith Marchiafava, described the agent of malignant tertian malaria, Plasmodium falciparum..Bruce-ChwattMiscellanyProtozoa
1889CharrinWith Roger, reported first evidence of specific antibacterial substance in serum of immune animals.Anon.ImmunologyBacteria
1889DanilewskiDescribed morphology and distribution of malarial parasites of birds.Bruce-ChwattMiscellanyProtozoa
1889DucreyReported agent of soft chancre (chancroid).AckermanCausationBacteria
1889GrassiWith Rovelli, reported flea as intermediate host for Dipylidium caninum.GroveCausationHelminths
1889KilborneInitiated trials in cattle to test cattlemen's belief in ticks as source of Texas Fever (babesiosis).MaloneCausationProtozoa
1889KitasatoReported that tetanus is caused by Nicolaier's club-shaped, spore-forming bacillus.Brock 1999.CausationBacteria
1889KitasatoReported utility of indole production in differentiating between bacterial species..CollardMiscellanyBacteria
1889KitasatoWhile working in Koch's laboratory, discovered the susceptibility of the mouse to tetanus..Anon.MiscellanyBacteria
1889LoefflerIsolated from sick laboratory mice the germ later known as Salmonella typhimurium.Anon.CausationBacteria
1889PfeifferUsed cross-immunization of guinea pigs with two similar species of bacteria to show specificity of immune response.LechevalierImmunologyBacteria
1889SmithObserved intra-erythrocytic protozoan parasites in a case of Texas Cattle Fever.FosterCausationProtozoa
1889WinogradskiReported that some bacteria (autotrophs) can grow in medium containing only carbon dioxide and inorganic salts.LechevalierMiscellanyBacteria
1890AbbeReported technique for the use of fluorite in microscope lenses.BradburyMicroscopyGeneral
1890Anon.Initiated a program to eradicate hydatidosis from Iceland.Anon.MiscellanyHelminths
1890Behringa. Reported, with Kitasato, first evidence that infection (tetanus) resulted in the presence in serum of substances capable of neutralizing foreign materials.Brock (1961)ImmunologyBacteria
1890Behringb. Reported evidence that diphtheria (like tetanus) induces protective antibodies (antitoxin) in lab animals.Brock (1961)ImmunologyBacteria
1890GaspariniReported antagonism between various actinomycetes.LechevalierMiscellanyBacteria
1890HalstedIntroduced rubber gloves in surgical operations, though not to prevent transmission of germs.GarrisonMiscellanyGeneral
1890KochAnnounced, at a congress, his discovery of a substance capable of stopping the progress of tuberculosis in animals.BrockImmunologyBacteria
1890LoefflerDeveloped method of staining bacterial flagella.LechevalierMiscellanyBacteria
1890MaffucciIsolated avian tubercle bacillus Bacillus gallinaceous.LeeCausationBacteria
1890RadamSelf-published a book on cure of diseases by killing microbes (undisclosed method).CampbellMiscellanyGeneral
1890SmithIntroduced apparatus for visual observation of gas production during fermentation.CollardMiscellanyBacteria
1890WinogradskyIsolated nitrifying bacteria from soil, confirming and extending work of others in a very significant way.DoetschMiscellanyBacteria
1891CerqueiraDescribed tinea nigra as a keratomycosis, thus noting its fungal etiology.RipponCausationFungi
1891CouncilmanWith Lafleur, described the detailed pathogenesis of dysentery and liver abscess caused by Entamoeba histolytica.FosterCausationProtozoa
1891Ehrlicha. Reported methylene blue effective against malaria in humans.LechevalierMiscellanyProtozoa
1891Ehrlichb. Distinguished between active and passive immunization.Anon.ImmunologyGeneral
1891Ehrlichc. Showed that even plant poisons elicit antitoxins.Anon.ImmunologyGeneral
1891GeisslerWith Wernicke, allegedly treated a diphtheria patient with antiserum (successfully).CollardImmunologyBacteria
1891KlempererReported the production of a pneumococcal antiserum in rabbits and its trial in six humans.Anon.ImmunologyBacteria
1891KochPubllished hitherto secret compositon of tuberculin.BrockImmunologyBacteria
1891ListerArranged a symposium on bacterial immunity.FosterImmunologyBacteria
1891TizzoniWith Cattani, described tetanus antitoxin as a substance, and introduced term antitossina (= antitoxin).BibelImmunologyBacteria
1891WertheimConclusively confirmed Neisser's gonococcus as agent of gonorrhea, and infected five men experimentally.FosterCausationBacteria
1891WolffWith Isreal, grew fungus of actinomycosis.BullockCausationFungi
1892Anon.Diphtheria antitoxin was first produced on a commercial scale (in Germany).Anon.ImmunologyBacteria
1892Anon.Eradicated bovine pleuropneumonia in U.S.A.MaloneMiscellanyBacteria
1892BehringReported, with Wernicke, the ability of antitoxin to treat diphtheria in lab animals.BrockImmunologyBacteria
1892DoderleinDescribed Doderlein bacillus in vaginal secretions in cases of puerperal fever.LeeMiscellanyBacteria
1892FlickStarted Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Tuberculosis.ChowderMiscellanyBacteria
1892IwanowskiReported that sap of plant with tobacco mosaic disease was infective even after bacteriological filtration.LechevalierCausationViruses
1892KochDemonstrated the value of water filtration in the control of cholera.BrockMiscellanyBacteria
1892PettenkoferSwallowed cholera bacteria in attempt to show that it was not a sufficient cause of disease.MagnerCausationBacteria
1892PfeifferIsolated Hemophilus influenza (an agent of bacterial pneumonia).GarrisonCausationBacteria
1892PosadasDiscovered agent of coccidiodomycocis, later named Coccidoides immitis.LeeCausationFungi
1892RouxWith Nocard, began production of diphtheria antitoxin.LechevalierImmunologyBacteria
1892SabouraudPublished first of his historic studies on dermatophytes as agents of ringworm.AinsworthCausationFungi
1892SmithWith Kilborne, published note on a microbial disease transmitted by arthropods.KatzCausationProtozoa
1892UnnaDescribed the different fungi of favus.NormanCausationFungi
1892WelchReported discovery of the bacterial agent of gas gangrene.AckermannCausationBacteria
1892WurtzUsed pH indicators in bacteriological media.Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1893BehringDeveloped, with Ehrlich's help, a practical and effective antitoxin for diphtheria.BrockImmunologyBacteria
1893BergReported association between scarlet fever and streptococci and toxin.FosterCausationBacteria
1893BuchnerReported that serum does not kill bacteria if it is heated to 56°C.SilversteinImmunologyBacteria
1893EscherichContributed to the development of a serological test for diphtheria.FriedmannImmunologyBacteria
1893HaffkineUsed an attenuated vaccine to control cholera in India.BibelImmunologyBacteria
1893KohlerReported improved method of illumination for use in photomicrography.Anon.MicroscopyGeneral
1893LeuckartReported (per Manson) the presence of adult worms (Onchocerca) in subcutaneous nodules of human.GroveCausationHelminths
1893SmithReported a bacillus (later Erwinia) tracheiphilus) as cause of wilt disease in cucumbers.Anon.CausationBacteria
1893SmithWith Kilborne, issued classic report on Texas Cattle Fever (babesiosis) including vector transmission.FosterCausationProtozoa
1894Anon.Built first cattle dipping vat in USA, for control of mites and, later, the tick vector of protozoan parasite.MaloneMiscellanyProtozoa
1894BusseReported isolation of a yeast (later Cryptococcus) from patient.Anon.CausationFungi
1894DurhamWith Grunbaum, discovered agglutination of Eberth-Gaffky bacilli only in serum of typhoid patients, supporting the alleged causation of typhoid by the bacilli.WallerCausationBacteria
1894ErmengemDiscovered Bacillus botulinus, agent of botulism.AckerknechtCausationBacteria
1894FischerShowed that bacteria have a cell wall as well as a cell membrane.Anon.MiscellanyBacteria
1894GilchristReported a new skin disease caused by a yeast, later named Blastomyces dermatididis.GarrisonCausationFungi
1894GruberObserved, according to his own later account, the agglutination of cholera germs by antiserum.LechevalierImmunologyBacteria
1894KitasatoIsolated bacterial agent of plague (Yersinia pestis).AckerknechtCausationBacteria
1894MansonPublished theory of malaria transmission by mosquito.KeanMiscellanyProtozoa
1894MigulaPublished important new classification of bacteria, but used only morphological characteristics (and motility).GarrisonMiscellanyBacteria
1894PfeifferEucidated action of complement and antibody in cell lysis.Bellanti.ImmunologyBacteria
1894PfeifferWith Isayev, reported that cholera germs die in peritoneal cavity of immune, but not in normal, guinea-pig.NormanImmunologyBacteria
1894RouxIssued influential report on diphtheria antitoxin.Anon.ImmunologyBacteria
1894RouxWith Martin, started producing antitoxin by immunizing horses instead of guinea pigs or sheep.Anon.ImmunologyBacteria
1894VincentDescribed organism in lesions of Madura Foot.Anon.CausationFungi
1894YersinReported bacillus responsible for plague (Yersinia pestis).LechevalierCausationBacteria
1895Anon.Diphtheria antitoxin was used strategically on a community basis.Anon.ImmunologyBacteria
1895BordetReported discovery of complement.Brock (1961)ImmunologyBacteria
1895BruceReported the tsetse fly as vector of the trypanosome that causes nagana in horses.FosterCausationBacteria
1895DanielssenContinued to believe, until his death in this year, that leprosy is hereditary.Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1895DenysWith Leclef, showed that serum of an immunized animal enhanced the activity of phagocytes against the germs used as immunogens.Anon.ImmunologyBacteria
1895JagerConfirmed the presence of Diplococcus in meningitis.Anon.CausationBacteria
1895KlebergBegan dipping cattle in phenolic baths to eradicate tick vector of bovine babesiosis.RoncalliMiscellanyProtozoa
1895MarmorekReported the production of a streptococcal antiserum in horses.Anon.ImmunologyBacteria
1895MetchinikoffReported the clumping of cholera germs when guinea-pig exudate was added to cholera-immune serum in which germs were present.LechevalierImmunologyBacteria
1895SmithReported causative agent of infectious enterohepatitis (Blackhead) in turkeys.KatzCausationProtozoa
1896CurticeProposed program for eradication of tick vector of cattle babesiosis.RoncalliMiscellanyProtozoa
1896DibdinWith Schweder, devised sewage treatment by filtration.GarrisonMiscellanyGeneral
1896DurhamPublished note on agglutination of germs by antisera and its diagnostic potential.LechevalierImmunologyBacteria
1896GosioReported product of Penicillium with antibacterial properties.Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1896HankinPostulated a living entity (bacteriophage?) capable of blocking infectivity of cholera germs.MacGregorMiscellanyViruses
1896HeubnerConfirmed the presence of Diplococcus in meningitis.Anon.CausationBacteria
1896LehmanWith Neumann, published major new classification of bacteria.Anon.MiscellanyBacteria
1896MikuliczDevised gauze mask to cover surgeon's nose and mouth to protect patient from germs.RichardsonMiscellanyGeneral
1896MoraxDescribed Morax-Axenfeld bacillus as cause of angular conjunctivitis in human.LeeCausationBacteria
1896SmithReported bacterial causation of tomato brown rot.Anon.CausationBacteria
1896WashbournReported exploratory trials of a pneumococcal antiserum in two cases of lobar pneumonia.Anon.ImmunologyBacteria
1896WidalDescribed an agglutination test for the clinical diagnosis of typhoid fever.LechevalierImmunologyBacteria
1896WrightConducted research on a vaccine against typhoid fever.GarrisonImmunologyBacteria
1897BangReported the isolation of a small bacterium from the uterus of a cow during an outbreak of epizootic (contagious) abortion.Anon.CausationBacteria
1897CalmetteBegan collaboration with Guerin that led to BCG vaccine for tuberculosis.LechevalierImmunologyBacteria
1897DurhamPublished full account of the use of specific agglutination to identify specific bacteria, and to diagnose diseases using patient serum.LechevalierImmunologyBacteria
1897EhrlichPublished procedures for standardization of diphtheria antitoxin, and proposed a new antigen-antibody theory.SilversteinImmunologyBacteria
1897HaffkineTested a killed-bacterium vaccine for the prevention of plague.FosterImmunologyBacteria
1897KrausReported precipitation when immune serum was added to culture of homologous bacteria.SilversteinImmunologyBacteria
1897KronigWith Paul, published landmark work on disinfectants.Brock (1961)MiscellanyBacteria
1897MacCullumDescribed sexual phase in life-cycle of human and avian malaria.Bruce-ChwattMiscellanyProtozoa
1897OgataWith Simond, showed that flea was vector of plague.LeeMiscellanyBacteria
1897PfeifferReported killed-bacteria vaccine for typhoid fever, just one year after Wright's vaccine.LechevalierImmunologyBacteria
1897RossReported observation of malaria parasite in mosquito that had been fed on an infected human.FosterMiscellanyProtozoa
1897SmithReported bacterial causation of black rot of cabbage, and bean blight.Anon.CausationBacteria
1897TribouletIsolated streptococci from patients with acute rheumatism.LeeMiscellanyBacteria
1897WrightUsed heat-killed typhoid bacilli to vaccinate people against typhoid fever.GarrisonImmunologyBacteria
1898ArloingIntroduced seroagglutination test for diagnosis of tuberculosis.LeeImmunologyBacteria
1898Beijerincka. Published ground-breaking report on infectivity of agent of Tobacco Mosaic Disease after bacteriological filtration.WatersonCausationViruses
1898Beijerinckb. Suggested a link between virus and cancer.Anon.MiscellanyViruses
1898BelfantiWith Carbone, reported immune hemolysis.SilversteinImmunologyBacteria
1898BignamiWith others, described life cycle of malaria parasites in humans and mosquitoes.FosterMiscellanyProtozoa
1898BordetReported immunological lysis of erythrocytes.BibelImmunologyGeneral
1898CouncilmanWith colleagues, published major report on cerebro-spinal meningitis.Anon.CausationBacteria
1898Durhama. Reported results of investigating outbreaks of "meat poisoning."Anon.CausationBacteria
1898Durhamb. Introduced tubes that could be placed inside test tubes to measure gas produced by bacteria.Anon.MiscellanyBacteria
1898KochDescribed Theileria parva, agent of East Coast Fever in cattle.Anon.CausationProtozoa
1898LoefflerWith Frosch, reported filterable germ (virus) as agent of animal disease.BrockCausationViruses
1898LoosReported that hookworm infect host by larval penetration of skin.GroveCausationHelminths
1898NocardReported that bovine pleuro-pneumonia was caused by a filterable agent, now Mycoplasma mycoides.GarrisonCausationBacteria
1898PfeifferWith Marx, reported first evidence that antibodies are produced in particular organs.Anon.ImmunologyGeneral
1898RossReported (per Manson) transmission of bird malaria from mosquito to bird and bird to mosquito.FosterMiscellanyProtozoa
1898SchenckReported a fungus (resembling a "sporotricha") in a human disease later termed sporotrichosis.GarrisonCausationFungi
1898ShigaReported bacillus as agent of dysentery, naming it Bacillus dysenteriae (now Shigella).LechevalierCausationBacteria
1898SimondDemonstrated transmission of bubonic plague by flea.GarrisonMiscellanyBacteria
1898SmithReported bacterial causation of maize wilt.Anon.CausationBacteria
1898SmithShowed that human and bovine tubercle bacilli were different strains of the same organism.LechevalierMiscellanyBacteria
1898VincentFound spirochaete in throat of patients with what was later called Vincent's Angina.GarrisonMiscellanyBacteria
1899Anon.Reported an outbreak of microbial "meat poisoning" (salmonellosis) in Belgium.Anon.CausationBacteria
1899Anon.Reported the start of a war that would, for last time, have more germ-caused than bullet-caused casualties.McNeillMiscellanyGeneral
1899BancroftSuggested transmission of filariasis by bite of mosquito.GroveMiscellanyHelminths
1899CelliObtained evidence that malaria could be prevented by keeping mosquitos out of dwellings.FosterMiscellanyProtozoa
1899DeutschReported that removal of spleen of guinea pigs reduced the level of antibodies in blood.Anon.ImmunologyBacteria
1899EmmerichWith Low, used by-product of bacterium (Pseudomonas) in attempt to alleviate diphtheria by immune enhancement.CollardImmunologyBacteria
1899GrassiWith Bignami, reported that human malarial parasistes develop only in Anopheles mosquito.GarrisonMiscellanyProtozoa
1899RogersShowed that tabanid fly was vector of trypanosomiasis (surra) in horses.FosterCausationProtozoa
1899SmithReviewed the literature on bacterial diseases of plants.DoetschCausationBacteria
1900Anon.The causative agents of 9 human microbial diseases were known.Anon.CausationGeneral
1900DurhamReviewed pathogenic and commensal enteric bacteria.Anon.MiscellanyBacteria
1900EhrlichRevised the theoretical basis of immuno-serology.Anon.ImmunologyGeneral
1900HektonWith Perkins, reported isolation of a fungus from a lesion on a human finger.Anon.CausationFungi
1900HunterIntroduced (or popularized) gauze face-mask to minimize wound infection in surgery..Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1900MacConkeyPublished first solid differential medium for microbiology.Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1900MansonArranged two demonstrations of the role of anopheline mosquito in malarial transmission.Foster.MiscellanyProtozoa
1900NeubergReported that yeast ferments glucose to make ethanol in a series of biochemical steps.Anon.MiscellanyGeneral
1900ReedHeaded the commission that demonstrated the correctness of Finlay's hypothesis that mosquito was vector of Yellow Fever.LechevalierCausationViruses
1900ReedWith Vaughan and Shakespeare, reported that people may harbor, and disseminate, the bacillus of typhoid fever without themselves becoming ill.CirilloMiscellanyBacteria
1900SchottmuellerIntroduced the name Bacillus paratyphosus (later Salmonella paratyphi).Anon.MiscellanyBacteria
1900WrightBegan to investigate the use of bacterial vaccines, not for prevention, but for cure.FosterImmunologyBacteria